Enhanced Proton-Selective Hybrid Polybenzimidazole/Perfluorosulfonic Acid Membranes for Acid Recovery from Lithium Battery Leachate Using Electrodialysis
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
High Resolution Image Download MS PowerPoint Slide Proton-selective membranes present a promising solution for improving the efficiency and sustainability of acid recovery in the hydrometallurgical recycling of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). This study introduces a hybrid cation exchange membrane developed by in situ modification of a commercial perfluorosulfonic acid (PFSA) membrane with polybenzimidazole (PBI) for efficient acid recovery using electrodialysis (ED). The modified membranes demonstrated exceptional proton selectivity and stability, achieving selectivity ratios of 770 (H + /Li + ) and 606 (H + /Co 2+ ), surpassing reported values in the literature. In 150 min of electrodialysis, the optimum membrane composite (PFSA-113_PBI-3%) achieved up to 80% acid recovery from synthetic leachates containing H +, Li +, Mn 2+, Co 2+, and Ni 2+ . Outstanding separation factors of up to 86 for H + /Li + and 10 4 for H + / d -Metal 2+, alongside a current efficiency of 95%, were also obtained with the optimum membrane. The enhanced proton selectivity was attributed to the hydrogen-bond networks and ionic interactions resulting from salt bridges between PBI and polymer acidic groups from the formation of a PBI/PFSA interpolymer complex. This was confirmed through membrane structural analysis using Raman and FTIR spectroscopy, electron microscopy, and small-angle X-ray scattering. The separation mechanism of the modified membrane was found to resemble that of biological membranes, as confirmed through carefully designed methylation tests.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it