4,4’-Hydrazobis(1-Methylpyridinium) as a 2-Electron Posolyte Molecule for Aqueous Organic Redox Flow Batter-ies
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Aqueous organic redox flow batteries (AORFBs) are a safe and sustainable solution for the storage of intermittent renewable energy. While several highly soluble 2-electron organic molecule negolytes have been developed for AORFBs, most reported organic posolyte species exchange only 1 electron. Herein, readily available 4,4'-hydrazobis(1-methylpyridinium) dichloride (HydBPyMeCl) is described as a novel 2-electron posolyte molecule for AORFBs. The synthesis of HydBPyMeCl was accomplished by a three-step process, yielding multiple grams of the com-pound. HydBPyMeCl exhibited a reversible 2-electron redox potential (+0.64 V vs. Ag/AgCl reference electrode, pH = 0). When evaluated at 1 M concentration and low pH (2 M HCl) with V3+/V2+ on the negative side, HydBPyMeCl showed high stability. A capacity retention of 99.997% per cycle (99.986% per day measured over 70 days) was achieved, coupled with a high volumetric specific capacity of 46 Ah/L (87.2% of capacity utilization at 80 mA/cm2)
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".