Victimization and Predatory Violence Among Street Youth in Toronto, Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract International studies show consistently that street-involved or homeless youth have elevated levels of involvement in violence, both as victim and perpetrator. This study recruited equal numbers of male (n=75) and female (n=75) youth, aged 16-20 years, who were accessing service for street-involved youth in Toronto, Canada. This paper examines the correlates of their experiences of violent victimization and perpetration, applying both bivariate and multivariate analyses. We find that because so many of the risk factors for youth violence in general are already concentrateci in street youth, it is difficult to identify additional attributes that clearly differentiate the youth who are most likely to be implicated in violence. Some links however were found. Specifically, being male, having a mental health diagnosis, selling drugs and carrying a knife or a gun were associated with victimization, and carrying a knife and selling drugs 50+ times in the past year were significant factors in the more frequent perpetration of violence against others.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".