Effect of endoplasmic reticulum stress on bone and cartilage growth via endochondral ossification in broilers
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Broilers in modern farming systems gain significant body weight, resulting in leg disorders in broilers. Long bones in the limbs extend after birth through endochondral ossification (EO), a process where bone replaces cartilage in pre-formed templates, making it essential for bone and cartilage development. The endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) pathway has been implicated in bone development and key steps of EO, but the mechanism remains unclear. In this study, broilers were reared on wire flooring to induce persistent footing instability and physiological stress. Salubrinal (SAL), an ERS inhibitor, was administrated to explore its effects on bone disorders. Parameters such as weight, length, bone mineral density, and strength were measured to assess bone and cartilage integrity in broilers. And staining and gene expression detection were performed to explore the effects of ERS on EO. The results indicated that broilers raised on wire flooring had an increased incidence of severe gait defects and bone disorders, especially femoral head necrosis. Meanwhile, broilers on wire flooring had increased chondrocyte hypertrophy and apoptosis, vascularity, and trabecularity, along with impaired cartilage and disrupted bone remodeling, all of which are key activators of EO. SAL treatment could inhibit EO by reducing chondrocyte apoptosis, vascular invasion, and bone resorption in broilers on wire flooring. Overall, this study highlights the negative effects of wire flooring on bone and cartilage, which are closely related to the occurrence of bone disease. Additionally, it suggests that blocking ERS may protect broilers from poor flooring conditions by regulating EO.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".