Homelessness, Social Disorder and Public Transit in Calgary, Canada: Examining perspectives from law enforcement through the lens of critical social theory
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Homelessness and social disorder on public transit are on the rise across Canada. We studied the factors contributing to social disorder on public transit, including homelessness, from the experiences and perspectives of frontline staff including police officers, transit peace officers, and an outreach team in Calgary, Alberta, Canada. Using Braun and Clark's reflexive qualitative analysis approach and a critical social theory framework, we identified significant gaps in services for addressing homelessness, mental health, and substance misuse that are negatively impacting the effectiveness of responses to social disorder. An over-reliance on law enforcement is the first and sometimes only solution. Other results include the stigma of substance use and homelessness in hospitals, and a lack of access to harm reduction and addictions treatment services. The findings reflect broader political and economic trends, including Canada's diminishing supply of low-cost housing and historical and current cuts to financial and social programs.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.005 | 0.007 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.051 | 0.038 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.011 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.003 | 0.008 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.005 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".