Coulomb’s Memoirs on Torsion, Electricity, and Magnetism Translated into English by André Koch Torres Assis and Louis L. Bucciarelli. Montreal : Apeiron, 2023
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Despite the ubiquity of the inverse square law of static electrical attraction discovered by Charles Augustin Coulomb (1736-1806), -which he expresses for a fixed quantity of charge in his First Memoir of 1788 (Coulomb 2023, 208) as : « The repulsive force of two small globes electrified with the same kind of electricity, is inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the centers of the two globes ». 2 And more completely, by including the amount of charge, in his Second Memoir of 1788 (Coulomb 2023, 257) : « The electric action, whether repulsive or attractive, of two electrified spheres, and therefore of two electrified molecules, is in the ratio compounded of the Coulomb's Memoirs on Torsion, Electricity, and Magnetism Translated into Engl...
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.006 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.021 | 0.008 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".