Impact of ozone nanobubble on water quality, gut microbiota, and growth performance of white leg shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) in an intensive indoor farming system
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT This study evaluated the effects of ozone nanobubbles (NB-O₃) on water quality, growth performance, survival rate, and gut microbiota in intensive indoor farming of white-leg shrimp ( Penaeus vannamei ). The experiment lasted 12 weeks and included two groups: (1) NB-O₃ treatment at 0.3 mg/L ozone concentration and (2) a control group without NB-O₃ treatment. Water quality parameters including temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), pH, and Oxidation Reduction Potential (ORP) were monitored daily. Weekly analyses were conducted for Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Biochemical Oxygen Demand after 5 days (BOD₅), Ammonia Nitrogen (NH₃-N), Nitrite Nitrogen (NO₂-N), and Vibrio counts. Shrimp weight was recorded weekly, while final biomass (FB), final body weight (FBW), survival rate (SR), feed conversion ratio (FCR), specific growth rate (SGR), and mean weekly weight gain (MWWG) were evaluated at the end of study. Gut microbiota samples were collected on days 1, 60, and 84. The results showed that NB-O₃ significantly reduced COD, total Vibrio , and NH₃-N levels compared to the control (p<0.05). Shrimp in the NB-O₃ group exhibited significantly higher weights from week 5 onwards (p<0.05), with improved FB, FBW, SGR, and MWWG compared to the control (p<0.05). However, SR and FCR were lower in the NB-O₃ group (p<0.05). Dominant gut microbiota phyla in NB-O₃-treated shrimp were Proteobacteria, Bacteroidota, and Acinobacteriota, with their proportions recorded as 72.27%, 13.82%, and 6.72% on day 1; 60.75%, 17.16%, and 18.64% on day 60; and 45.74%, 40.25%, and 8.44% on day 84, respectively. Significant differences in alpha and beta diversity were observed between groups on days 1 and 60 (p<0.05). Vibrio parahaemolyticus density was lower in NB-O₃-treated shrimp (p<0.05). These findings demonstrate that NB-O₃ improves water quality, enhances shrimp growth performance, and effectively regulates Vibrio spp. in intensive indoor farming systems. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to report the effects of NB-O3 on shrimp gut microbiota.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".