Personal bankruptcy reform in Switzerland: Transition from first‐century <i>Cessio</i> to twenty‐first century discharge
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The Swiss personal bankruptcy procedure today bears a striking resemblance to the 2000‐year‐old ancient Roman form of debt relief called cessio bonorum. But not for long. Switzerland is finally ready to join its European neighbors in abandoning this outmoded Roman approach to overindebtedness, modernizing its personal insolvency law to make real debt relief more available, more effective, and more suitable to the 21st century. This article describes the surprising parallel between the ancient Roman procedure and current Swiss personal bankruptcy practice. It reveals why this antiquated approach is ineffective to achieve the modern goals of personal insolvency policy. It then describes how current law elsewhere pursues these goals, examining the increasingly liberal personal debt relief procedures in neighboring Austria, Germany, France, Italy, and Liechtenstein as comparative foils for an evaluation of the pending Swiss reform proposal. Judging by the formal, recorded reactions of the political parties and cantons to this well‐structured proposal, Swiss lawmakers seem poised to usher their personal bankruptcy law into the modern era at long last.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".