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Record W4410193676 · doi:10.19173/irrodl.v26i2.8259

A Blended Learning Future: COVID-19 Lessons for “Phygital” Higher Education

2025· article· en· W4410193676 on OpenAlexvenueno aff
Santiago Batista-Toledo, Diana Gavilán

Bibliographic record

VenueThe International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning · 2025
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldComputer Science
TopicEducational Innovations and Challenges
Canadian institutionsnot available
FundersUniversidad Complutense de Madrid
KeywordsCoronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)Blended learningDistance educationHigher educationEducational technologyElectronic learning2019-20 coronavirus outbreakSevere acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)Online learningComputer scienceMathematics educationMultimediaPsychologyMedicinePolitical scienceVirology

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

The pandemic transformed higher education, making it clear that the future of education lies in the use of technology. Recognizing this development, this study examined the blended learning experiences of students and teachers during the COVID-19 pandemic in order to propose targeted strategies for the evolving “phygital” (physical + digital) university ecosystem. Drawing on existing literature, it explores three critical dimensions of the educational experience: technology, the teaching-learning process, and social interaction. Following a transcendental phenomenological approach, the study used a convenience sample of 10 students and 10 teachers, selected based on the saturation criterion. Using Leximancer software for text analysis, in-depth interviews with a representative sample of students and teachers were conducted. The findings exposed significant challenges faced during the pandemic, including a lack of digital tool proficiency among users, inadequate engagement with online content, organisational hurdles, increased workload, diminished personal interactions, and emerging mental health concerns among students. These insights underscore the urgency of crafting tailored strategies to enhance the phygital learning environment, focusing on improving infrastructure and providing comprehensive training to both students and educators.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

How this classification was reachedexpand

Full frame machine prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.003
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.004
Version: metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061cValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Not applicable · Consensus signal: none
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.007
Threshold uncertainty score0.024

Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0030.004
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.000
Bibliometrics0.0000.000
Science and technology studies0.0030.002
Scholarly communication0.0050.004
Open science0.0010.010
Research integrity0.0020.003
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0070.001

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.160
GPT teacher head0.519
Teacher spread0.359 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it

Classification

machine, unvalidated

Machine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.

The models applied no category: nothing in the taxonomy fit this work.
Study designNot applicable
Domainnot available
GenreEmpirical

How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".

Quick stats

Citations2
Published2025
Admission routes1
Has abstractyes

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