Exposure-based smart ventilation and occupancy control for optimizing ventilation energy consumption and long-range airborne transmission of COVID-19 in school environments
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Mechanical ventilation is an effective measure to control indoor long-range airborne transmission of COVID-19, but it often leads to substantial energy expenditure. This study introduces a novel exposure-based smart ventilation and occupancy control strategy to reduce infection risk and save energy in school environments that are typically characterized by fixed occupants and long exposure time. This exposure-based approach allows the quanta concentration to vary over time rather than keeping it constantly below certain thresholds. This enables us to: (1) adjust ventilation and occupant schedule to facilitate passive cooling/heating potential in response to outdoor weather conditions; (2) consider the interaction between ventilation and occupant schedule to maximize their benefits in reducing infection risk and energy consumption. Taking a typical classroom as a base case, ventilation and occupant schedule are optimized individually and jointly through Genetic Algorithm, to control infection risk, minimize energy consumption, maintain thermal comfort, and promise sufficient schooling time. Our results show that the most energy-efficient strategy is the concurrent optimization of both occupant schedule and ventilation, achieving an energy reduction of up to ∼60% compared to traditional constant ventilation methods. Solely optimizing occupant schedule is the least energy-efficient strategy, yielding an energy reduction ratio (over base case) of only half of the most efficient strategy. Our study reveals the possibility of optimizing occupant schedule and ventilation to balance building energy consumption and transmission control. The viability of these control strategies has been proven across various climate zones and seasons in China, highlighting their broad applicability.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".