Environmental Activities in North American and Hawaiian Jōdo Shinshū Temples
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper documents and analyses environmentalist activities in North American and Hawaiian Jōdo Shinshū temples. I argue that such activities primarily cluster around three themes: 1) educational efforts, 2) temple greening, and 3) ritual activity. Jōdo Shinshū environmental awareness began to appear by 1970. However, concerted organized efforts at preventing environmental destruction and inculcating ecological consciousness in Buddhist practitioners only emerged in recent decades, best represented by the EcoSangha and Green Hongwanji movements. The forms of engagement pursued by these movements are significantly shaped by a confluence of Japanese and American/Canadian historical and cultural forces. On the Japanese side, these include the cultural attitude of mottainai (“non-wasting”), gratitude to ancestors, and indebtedness. On the North American/Canadian side, these include temples as sources of community organizing and ethnic identity, the post-Carson environmental movement, the Dharma school system, the tendency to apply efforts inwards toward the temple community rather than toward activism in the wider public, and the particular mix of communal activity and individual responsibility that defines the North American and Hawaiian Jōdo Shinshū approach to Buddhist practice.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".