Ketchup: The Transnational Creation of a Global Condiment, c. 1700–1920
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The history of ketchup began in rural and port-areas of Vietnam and China, with British explorers, and, via the history of the tomato, with Italian explorers and agents of the Spanish Empire. By the 1800s, French migrants, global trade, and translated cookbooks equipped central European household workers with the tools to make a long-shelf-life sauce in bottles in the Atlantic space of mobile populations between Europe, the United States, and Canada. Building on global histories of trade, migration, and translation, on transnational approaches to food studies, and on the examination of so-called objects of lower aesthetic value, this article combines structural explanations of food change (empire, political power, medical authority, migration) with subaltern innovation (household experimentation, consumption) to explore the centralization of food trends in central Europe and expound this understudied region’s high impact across the globe in the modern era.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".