Directionality of Tonal Components of Ship Noise Using Arctic Hydrophone Array Elements
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The horizontal directionality of ship-radiated noise was estimated in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago using two 48-element bottom-mounted hydrophone arrays. Source levels (SL) were estimated using automated identification system data for distance and bearing with a geometric spreading propagation loss model for ships passing within 3 km of the arrays. Time-averaged received levels are calculated in 3-s increments for broadband (10–600 Hz) as well as selected narrowband tonal sources. Tonal components are identified with spectral analysis and algorithmically tracked in the time-frequency domain. From the difference of received levels and propagation loss, SLs are calculated and sorted by ship's bearing from each of the 96 array elements for both broadband and predominant narrowband sources. Broadband SL estimates ranged from 148 to 181 dB re 1μPa2m2for the four ships of opportunity.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".