Home Indoor PM2.5 Exposure and Asthma Symptoms Among Urban Adults With Asthma
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract RATIONALE There is growing awareness of the adverse impact of indoor air quality on asthma health. In contrast to government-mandated limits on safe outdoor pollution, indoor air quality remains unregulated and seldom assessed, despite more time spent indoors. We assessed common household activities contributing to indoor PM2.5, and its associations with respiratory symptoms among adults with asthma in Baltimore, Maryland. METHODS Non-smoking adults with a physician diagnosis of asthma and asthma symptoms or use of asthma medications were recruited. At baseline, a microPEM™ (RTI International, North Carolina) or MIE Personal DataRAM (Artisan Technology Group, Illinois) was placed in each participant's home to monitor PM2.5 for 7 consecutive days. During this period, participants completed daily diaries of household activities and asthma symptoms. A subset underwent repeated 7-day environmental monitoring and completed daily symptom diaries 3 months later according to the same protocol. Asthma symptoms were ranked from least to most severe (score 0-3) each day during the 7-day monitoring period; the day with the highest score was used in the analysis. PM2.5 values were log2 transformed to evaluate effects of a 2-fold increase on asthma symptoms across participants using a multivariate generalized linear mixed model adjusted for age, sex, race, education, asthma severity and season. In participants with repeated measures, fixed-effects regression assessed intra-person changes in PM2.5 and asthma symptoms between baseline and follow-up, adjusting for season. RESULTS Among 61 participants, the median (IQR) age was 30 (18) years and 52 (85.2%) self-identified as Black. Median (IQR) indoor PM2.5 was 22.7 (31.5) µg/m3. In bivariate analyses, PM2.5 levels were higher in homes with a smoker (median (IQR) 38.3 (33.1) vs. 13.7 (17.1) g/m3, p = 0.0025), oven use (25.2 (34.2) vs. 11.3 (9.6) g/m3, p=0.009), candle/incense burning (27.4 (29.7) vs. 13.7 (18.6) g/m3, p=0.051), and mopping (25.7 (37.9) vs. 16.3 (18.2) g/m3, p=0.059), compared to those without. A 2-fold increase in weekly PM2.5 was associated with higher odds of frequent asthma symptoms, although this was not statistically significant (adjusted OR 2.28; 95% CI, 0.97-5.33). Within the subset of 43 individuals with repeated environmental and symptom data, a 2-fold PM2.5 increase significantly raised asthma symptom scores (β=0.245; 95% CI, 0.02-0.47). CONCLUSION Common household activities contribute to increased indoor PM2.5, which were linked to more respiratory symptoms in urban adults with asthma. Larger studies on indoor air quality and mitigation strategies are needed to understand the impact of both on adult asthma health.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".