Association of Lung Growth With a Novel Index of Early-life Growth Conditions Deployable in Adulthood
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Rationale: Early-life lung growth is important for later-life lung health, but methods for inferring impaired lung growth retrospectively in adulthood are lacking. A novel index of early-life growth conditions deployable in adulthood – the difference between attained adult height and genotype-predicted height (‘height-GaP’) – has been validated against prospectively ascertained adverse early-life growth conditions, but its relationship to lung growth is poorly understood. We tested the hypothesis that a larger height-GaP deficit assessed in adulthood would be associated with impaired lung growth. Methods: We analysed data from the population-based Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC), a United Kingdom birth cohort. Height-GaP was computed as the difference between attained adult height and genotype-predicted height computed using participant genotype data. Lung growth was inferred from pre-bronchodilator spirometry (forced vital capacity [FVC] and forced expired volume in 1-second [FEV1]) performed at ages 8, 15 and 24 years old. Sex-stratified piece-wise linear mixed effect models were fitted to assess the association of height-GaP with spirometric indices of lung growth and adjusted for genotype-predicted height. Results: Among 1,869 female (mean±SD age at height-GaP assessment: 24.4±0.8 years) and 1,188 male participants (mean±SD age at height-GaP assessment: 24.6±0.8 years), a larger height-GaP deficit was associated with significantly slower FVC growth from age 8 to 15 years (male: -18 mL/year per 1-SD height-GaP deficit; female: -13 mL/year per 1-SD height-GaP deficit) and from age 15 to 24 years (male: -17 mL/year per 1-SD height-GaP deficit; female: -7 mL/year per 1-SD height-GaP deficit) (Figure a.-b.). Larger height-GaP deficit was also associated with significantly slower FEV1 growth from age 8 to 15 years (male: -17 mL/year per 1-SD height-GaP deficit; female: -11 mL/year per 1-SD height-GaP deficit) and from age 15 to 24 years old (male: -12 mL/year per 1-SD height-GaP deficit; female: -4 mL/year per 1-SD height-GaP deficit) (Figure b.-c.). At 24 years old, a larger height-GaP deficit was associated with significantly lower FVC (male: -391 mL per 1-SD height-GaP deficit; female: -252 mL per 1-SD height-GaP deficit) and significantly lower FEV1 (male: -308 mL per 1-SD height-GaP deficit; female: -204 mL per 1-SD height-GaP deficit) (Figure). Conclusion: Larger deficit in height-GaP, a quantitative index of early-life growth conditions deployable in adulthood, was associated with slower FVC and FEV1 growth in childhood and lower peak lung function in early-adulthood. Height-GaP may facilitate research on the origins, periods of plasticity, and later-life health consequences of impaired lung growth.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".