Hygroscopic Polymer Monolayers with Ultralow Ice Adhesion Strength: Investigating Factors Influencing Ice Shedding Performance
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Surface-grafted hygroscopic polymer monolayers, lubricated by unfrozen water at subzero temperatures, have previously reduced ice adhesion strength ( τ ) on glass by up to 4-fold at −20 °C. In this study, we employ a different initiator system for surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization, enabling precise control over initiator and polymer grafting densities. Monolayer thickness is tuned via polymerization time and monomer concentration, and a novel method is introduced for its measurement. Systematic variation of coating type, thickness, and grafting density reveals an optimal formulation that lowers τ by 33 ± 4 times at −20 °C, an unprecedented performance for hygroscopic monolayers. These results highlight the strong potential of such coatings for ice shedding and inform the design of self-replenishing ice-shedding surfaces.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".