Antimicrobial control and temporal dynamics of M. plutonius colonization in adult worker honey bees (Apis mellifera)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
European foulbrood (EFB) is a stress-associated brood disease affecting honey bee larvae, caused by infection with Melissococcus plutonius. Adult bees are suggested to be a reservoir for this bacterium; however, the duration of M. plutonius colonization of adult bees and its impact on adult bee survival remain inadequately understood. In North America, the only approved antimicrobial for treatment of EFB is oxytetracycline; yet the antimicrobials tylosin and lincomycin are also widely used in beekeeping. The effect of these antimicrobials on M. plutonius colonization of adult bees is unclear. To investigate these unknowns, we infected summer and winter adult worker bees with M. plutonius in the laboratory and treated the infected workers with one of three used antibiotics in beekeeping, in either the laboratory, or within field colonies. We found that worker bees remained persistently infected with M. plutonius for at least 22-38 days in the laboratory and at least 24 days in field colonies. Moreover, M. plutonius ingestion was associated with a significant, dose-dependent decrease in adult worker survival. Antibiotic treatment significantly decreased the M. plutonius load of colonized adult workers but failed to eliminate M. plutonius; still antibiotic treatment improved the survival of bees in the laboratory cages. Taken together, these findings indicate the importance of adult bees as a reservoir of M. plutonius, even in colonies treated with antimicrobials.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".