“Building a Better and a Sounder Newfoundland”? Reassessing the History of University Extension, 1959–91
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Across Canada in the twentieth century, livelihood strategies based upon harvesting and selling primary commodities were displaced by those based upon working for wages. Universities were key institutions in this transformation. Initially, universities enrolled few full-time students, and extension departments supported primary commodity producers through developing cooperatives, disseminating information, and engaging in outreach activities to enhance the quality of rural life. As more Canadians began working for wages, universities withdrew from extension work and enrolled more students in degree-credit and continuing education programs. This article contributes to our understanding of the socio-political role of universities in Canadian history through analyzing the work of the Extension Service of Memorial University of Newfoundland (mun). While existing accounts of such work focus on themes of community development and governmentality, this article narrates the involvement of mun’s Extension Service in transformations of gender-specific livelihood strategies. In the 1960s, extension helped fishermen and rural homemakers create more effective commodity-producing households through nurturing cooperatives and regional development associations and through disseminating home economics information. In the 1970s, mun’s Extension Service withdrew from community development fieldwork and built a course provision infrastructure through which thousands of men and women each year built their capacities and credentials for wage employment.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.004 | 0.011 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.024 | 0.023 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.010 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".