The utility of dynamic forest structure from GEDI lidar fusion in tropical mammal species distribution models
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Remote sensing is an important tool for monitoring species habitat spatially and temporally. Species distribution models (SDM) often rely on remotely-sensed geospatial datasets to predict probability of occurrence and infer habitat preferences. Lidar measurements from the Global Ecosystem Dynamics Investigation (GEDI) are shedding light on three dimensional forest structure in regions of the world where this aspect of species habitat has previously been poorly quantified. Here we combine a large camera trap dataset of mammal species in Borneo and Sumatra with a diverse set of geospatial data to predict the probability of occurrence of 47 species. Multi-temporal GEDI predictors were created through fusion with Landsat time series, extending back to the year 2001. The availability of these GEDI-based forest structure predictors and other temporally-resolved predictor variables enabled temporal matching of species occurrences and hindcast predictions of species probability of occurrence at years 2001 and 2021. Our GEDI-Landsat fusion approach worked well for forest structure metrics related to canopy height (relative height of the 95th percentile of returned energy R 2 = 0.62 and relative RMSE = 41%) but, not surprisingly, was less accurate for metrics related to interior canopy vegetation structure (e.g., plant area volume density from 0 to 5 m above the ground R 2 = 0.05 and relative RMSE = 85%). For the SDM analyses, we tested several combinations of predictor sets and found that when considering a large pool of multiscale predictors, the exact composition, and whether GEDI Fusion predictors were included, didn’t have a large impact on generalized linear modeling (GLM) and Random Forest (RF) model performance. Adding GEDI Fusion predictors to a baseline set only meaningfully improved performance for some species (n = 4 for RF and n = 3 for GLM). However, when GEDI Fusion predictors were used in a smaller predictor set that is more suitable for hindcasting species probability of occurrence, more SDMs showed meaningful performance improvements relative to the baseline model (n = 9 for RF and n = 4 for GLM) and the relative importance of GEDI-based canopy structure predictors increased relative to when they were combined with the baseline predictor set. Moreover, as we examined predictor importance and partial dependence, the utility of GEDI Fusion predictors in hindcast models was evident in regards to ecological interpretability. We produced a catalog of probability of occurrence maps for all 47 mammals species at 90 m spatial resolution for years 2001 and 2021, enabling subsequent ecological interpretation and conservation analyses.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it