Poorest Women in Bangladesh: Economic Paths to Socio-political Development
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This article looks at the socio-economic survival of the poorest women in one of the poorest countries of the world. It is based upon 57 in-depth interviews of these poor women who serve as construction workers on the roads of rural Bangladesh. A majority of these women are single and range in age from 15 to 45. One of the criteria of their employment was that they had to be destitute, often with many dependents to feed. All of the above women had to overcome social taboos (such as purdah) to work outside on the road as common laborers. Moreover, they were paid the equivalent of one US dollar a day and had to work 6 days a week. This program was initiated by an international NGO and financed by a three-way arrangement between local government, the Central Government of Bangladesh and Canada, offering foreign aid to the project. This article traces the development of a number of these road maintenance groups who have already finished their tenure. It catalogues the social skills that the women have learnt, their economic growth in terms of property and money, and also their political development, as some women have contested the local government elections.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.005 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.009 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".