Muscle fascicle length adaptations to high-velocity training in young adults with cerebral palsy
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Introduction In individuals with Cerebral Palsy (CP), both muscle cross-sectional area and fascicle length are reduced, contributing to decreased muscle strength, muscle shortening velocity and muscle mechanical power output, particularly in the plantarflexor muscles. A proposed mechanism to target increased muscle mechanical power output is to incorporate high velocity training (HVT) in these individuals, to increase fascicle length via sarcomerogenesis. To determine the effects of HVT on changes in MG muscle fascicle length and that impact on changes to MG muscle force-length-velocity-power characteristics in young adults with CP. Methods 12 young adults with CP (GMFCS I or II, 22.8 ± 6.0 years) were randomly allocated (some crossover) to no training (CP-NT, n = 8), or training (CP-T, n = 8). 10 recreationally trained healthy adults (HA, 22.5 ± 2.8 years) served as controls. CP-T performed 10-week training of biweekly sessions consisting of progressive intensity 10 m sprints, plyometrics and agility tasks. Triceps surae muscle force-power-velocity relationships were quantified with isokinetic dynamometry and ultrasound imaging. Data are expressed relative to pre-intervention values. Results HVT resulted in a significant increase in fascicle length in CP-T (+1.92 ± 3.21 mm, p < 0.005) compared to a significant decrease in CP-NT (−1.63 ± 3.00 mm, p < 0.013). While HVT did not result in significant changes in maximal shortening velocity (Vmax) or maximal peak power output (Pmax), a large effect size for vmax following training in CP-T was seen (+45.2 ± 76.4%, d = 0.909, p = 0.452), in contrast to CP-NT (+2.9 ± 70.5%, d = 0.059, p = 1.00). HVT also resulted in a very large effect for Pmax in CP-T (+35.0 ± 49.1%, d = 1.093, p = 0.232), but only a small effect was observed in CP-NT (+7.8 ± 49.1%, d = 0.245, p = 1.00). HA had significantly greater Pmax (p < 0.001), longer resting and active fascicle lengths (p < 0.001) and greater muscle force (p < 0.001), compared to CP-T. Discussion HVT is a feasible training intervention to increase triceps surae muscle fascicle length in individuals with CP. HVT can partially mitigate losses in Pmax in CP compared to healthy adults. Longer HVT programs may be required to increase muscle mechanical power output in CP to levels observed in HA.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".