Thermal conditions on the coast of Labrador during the late 18th century
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract. In this article, we present research results on the air temperature changes on the Labrador coast at the end of the 18th century (1771–1787). This important climatic variable was studied on the basis of valuable instrumental meteorological observations made by Moravian missionaries. The data were taken from meteorological registers available in three major archives: the Moravian Archives in Herrnhut (Germany) and the Moravian Archives at Muswell Hill and the Archives of the Royal Society, both located in London (UK). The series of meteorological observations we used in the paper are the oldest and longest long-term meteorological observations available not only for Labrador, but for anywhere in the entire Arctic. Moravian missionaries measured not only air temperature (analysed here) but also atmospheric pressure and wind (force and directions) two, three, or even four times a day. These unique data allow us to better understand the climate variability and trends in the region during the study's historical period. We have analysed sub-daily air temperature readings from three sites: Okak (1776–1787), Nain (1771–1786), and Hopedale (1782–1786). The data were converted into more relatable present-day units and have undergone rigorous quality control. Original mean daily air temperature data calculated using different numbers of measurements per day were corrected to the “real” mean daily values. The corrected values were subsequently used for statistical analysis. The historical temperatures documented during our specified study period along the Labrador coast were compared with those experienced today. The analysis shows a significant warming from historical to present times. Historical data from Nain, Okak, and Hopedale, representing different periods, were, on average, about 0.5 to 2.3 °C colder than in the modern period of 1990 to 2020, especially in winter and autumn. Most monthly mean air temperatures in historical times lie within 2 standard deviations of the modern mean. The frequency of temperature occurrence in 1 d intervals suggests a shift towards more stable and less extreme temperature distributions in contemporary times, implying substantial changes in climate patterns over time in this region. The continentality of the Labrador climate and the year-to-year variability in mean monthly temperatures were greater in historical times than at present.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".