COVID-19 and urban poor communities in Metro Manila: Social vulnerability and the ‘pasaway’
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This article examines the impact of the Philippine government’s response to COVID-19 on urban poor communities in Metro Manila. The central government's response to COVID-19 was militarised and this left many socially vulnerable urban poor families with a dilemma. They faced either violating quarantine regulations and risking arrest in the pursuit of their livelihood or starving at home. Quarantine violators were cast in the role of ‘ pasaway ’ or ‘undeserving poor’ by President Duterte. Drawing on evidence from 38 interviews with community leaders, non-governmental organisations (NGOs) staff members and public servants, we argue that those most in need of social protection during the COVID-19 response were often the least likely to get it. We examine how local government agencies, NGOs, and those living in the communities worked towards meeting material needs and countered some of the effects of the militarisation of the pandemic.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".