Stratospheric and upper tropospheric measurements of long-lived tracers and photochemically active species with GLORIA-B
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract. The Gimballed Limb Observer for Radiance Imaging of the Atmosphere (GLORIA) is a limb-imaging Fourier-Transform Spectrometer (iFTS) providing high-resolution mid-infrared spectra in the 780–1400 cm-1 wavenumber range. Originally designed for aircraft, GLORIA has been deployed in eight research campaigns to date. To extend its observational range from the middle troposphere to the middle stratosphere, the instrument was adapted for a stratospheric balloon platform. GLORIA-B completed its first flight from Kiruna (Sweden) in August 2021 and a second from Timmins (Canada) in August 2022 as part of the EU Research Infrastructure HEMERA. The main objectives of these flights were technical qualification and the provision of a first imaging hyperspectral limb-emission dataset from 5 to 36 km altitude. This study evaluates the performance of GLORIA-B using vertical volume mixing ratio (VMR) profiles from the August 2021 flight, focusing on trace gases like O3, CH4, CFCs, HCFC-22, and SF6. Comparisons with in-situ measurements (ozonesonde, MegaAirCore, and cryosampler) show agreement within 10 % for O3, CH4, SF6, and CFC-12, and within 10-20 % for CFC-11, HCFC-22, and CFC-113 up to 18 km, with larger deviations above this altitude. Another objective is analyzing diurnal changes in photochemically active species (N2O5, NO2, ClONO2, BrONO2). Observed VMR variations align well with simulations from the EMAC (ECHAM5/MESSy Atmospheric Chemistry) chemistry-climate model, though absolute concentrations differ to a certain extent. Using the nighttime BrONO2-to-Bry ratio from simulations, the observed lower stratospheric Bry amount was estimated to 20.4 ± 2.5 pptv. In summary, the successful deployment of GLORIA on a stratospheric balloon platform has demonstrated the capability of the limb-imaging technique to provide high-quality vertical trace gas profiles up to the middle stratosphere, contributing to a better understanding of the distribution and temporal evolution of key atmospheric species.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".