Surface blackening phenomenon and formation mechanism in high-temperature annealed nickel-based superalloys
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Owing to stringent service conditions, nickel-based superalloys must meet exceptionally high surface quality standards. After cold rolling, these alloys can blacken during annealing, affecting appearance and performance. The surface-element distribution of GH4169 alloy annealed under hydrogen protection was analyzed via XPS, and reaction free-energy changes were calculated using thermodynamic software. The blackened surface contained oxides and carbides, primarily Cr 2 O 3 , Cr(OH) 3 , TiO 2 , Nb 2 O 5 , NbC, and free carbon. Residual water vapor in the protective hydrogen gas and rolling-oil remnants generated C, CO 2 , CO, and H 2 O, which then reacted with the alloy during high-temperature annealing to form a blackened layer. The selective oxidation of Cr, Nb, and Ti, along with the inward diffusion of carbon, leads to the compositional differences observed in the blackened layer. Lowering the protective gas dew point, improving rolling oil, and effective degreasing eliminated blackening.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it