Manifestations of Theory of Mind (ToM) in Primary School Students During Art Appreciation Sessions
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Theory of Mind (ToM) is the cognitive ability to understand one’s own and others’ mental states, recognizing that others have unique beliefs and perspectives. This study uniquely integrates Visual Thinking Strategies (VTS) with ToM development, offering a novel approach to understanding how art appreciation can enhance cognitive and socio-emotional skills in primary school students. By examining both cognitive and affective dimensions of ToM across diverse socio-cultural contexts, this research provides a comprehensive analysis that bridges gaps in existing literature on art education and cognitive development. The findings have significant practical implications, suggesting that incorporating VTS into the curriculum can foster empathy, perspective-taking, and critical thinking, thereby contributing to a more inclusive and supportive classroom environment. Keywords: Art Appreciation; Visual Thinking Strategies (VTS); Aesthetic Experiences; Cognitive Efficiency; Empathy; Imagination; Theory of Mind (ToM); Social and Emotional Learning.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.006 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".