The present-day cosmic phosphorus abundance
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Aims. The present-day phosphorus abundance in the solar neighbourhood is determined from a sample of OB-type stars. This is in order to constrain the endpoint of the galactochemical evolution of phosphorus in the course of stellar nucleosynthesis over cosmic time and to provide an abundance baseline for the study of the depletion of phosphorus onto dust grains in the interstellar medium. Methods. A model atom for P II/III/IV based on a comprehensive new set of ab initio data for line transitions, photoionisations and electron-impact excitation was developed. Non-local thermodynamic equilibrium (non-LTE) line formation calculations with the codes Detail and S urface were conducted, based on LTE line-blanketed hydrostatic model atmospheres computed with the Atlas 12 code. High-resolution optical spectra for a sample of 42 apparently slowly rotating main-sequence OB-type stars and B-type supergiants in the solar vicinity within ∼500 pc and beyond, out to a distance of ∼2 kpc, were analysed. Results. The non-LTE effects on the formation of the P II/III/IV lines are discussed. Non-LTE effects on the stellar abundances range from zero to ∼0.3 dex. Where available in the spectra, ionisation balance between two phosphorus ionic species is achieved. Accurate and precise abundances are provided for the sample stars, statistical and systematic 1σ uncertainties are typically each well below 0.1 dex. The present-day cosmic phosphorus abundance in the solar neighbourhood is constrained to log (P/H)+12 = 5.36±0.14, which is compatible with the solar photospheric abundance, but lower than derived by LTE analyses of neutral phosphorus lines in solar-type stars. The amount of phosphorus depleted onto dust grains is ∼0.25 dex.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".