Scenarios of the compostable packaging market development: implications for state policies
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract In the face of a growing plastic pollution problem, global efforts are being directed toward more sustainable solutions in the packaging sector in accordance with circular economy principles. To find more sustainable alternatives, businesses are exploring innovative types of materials and packaging such as bio-based, biodegradable, and compostable plastics. Although the development of compostable packaging applications is desirable for sustainability reasons, there is uncertainty in determining the growth trajectory of this packaging sector. The aim of this paper is to investigate the possible pathways shaped by national policy leading to the compostable packaging market expansion under uncertain conditions, in order to show enterprises and policy makers the importance of involvement in the national circular system to meet the climate policy targets. This study employed a qualitative scenario technique based on the Global Business Network planning approach and focus group interviews conducted among representatives of the Polish bio-based biodegradable packaging market to gather and assess data for describing possible future pathways. This is one of the first studies to use qualitative scenario methods to analyze the possible scenarios for the market growth of compostable packaging and to define transition pathways in relation to national policy and economic conditions. The results of this study reveal that national policy has a decisive role in the development of the compostable packaging market and the closure of its life cycle in line with the circular economy principles. It drives positive and far-reaching changes when it uses a systemic approach and considers all elements necessary for circularity.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".