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Record W4410368588 · doi:10.3138/cjccj-2024-0045

Wanted Words: The Language of Wanted Person Lists

2025· article· en· W4410368588 on OpenAlexaffvenueabout
Dakota Wing, Marianne Laplante

Bibliographic record

VenueCanadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice/La Revue canadienne de criminologie et de justice pénale · 2025
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldComputer Science
TopicHate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection
Canadian institutionsYork University
Fundersnot available
KeywordsLinguisticsNatural language processingComputer sciencePsychologyPhilosophy

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

Wanted lists are a policing communicative tool that facilitates locating and apprehending persons wanted by the police through public engagement. To date, research has not investigated the language of these wanted lists. This paper begins to address this gap by examining the language of wanted lists produced by a Canadian municipal police agency from a critical sociolinguistic approach. The findings demonstrate that many linguistic features reflect features of a technical police or legal register (e.g., legal homonyms, uncommon words, nominalizations, passive constructions, and long complex sentences) and are inconsistent with the expected audience (the general public) and the expected goals of wanted lists. We suggest that this language can limit comprehension and reduce urgency, potentially reducing the public’s assistance in locating wanted persons. Alternative goals that the language appears to be orienting to are discussed, such as establishing a person as “wanted” (rather than providing information to facilitate the locating and arrest of a wanted person), reliance on public familiarity with a wanted person, social pressure, and image management. Recommendations are provided that are aimed at increasing public assistance in locating and apprehending wanted persons.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

How this classification was reachedexpand

Full frame machine prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.002
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.007
Version: metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061cValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Qualitative · Consensus signal: Qualitative
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.657
Threshold uncertainty score0.682

Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0020.007
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0010.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.000
Bibliometrics0.0020.001
Science and technology studies0.0050.008
Scholarly communication0.0050.004
Open science0.0010.002
Research integrity0.0010.002
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0050.001

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.048
GPT teacher head0.283
Teacher spread0.235 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it

Classification

machine, unvalidated

Machine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.

The models applied no category: nothing in the taxonomy fit this work.
Study designQualitative
Domainnot available
GenreEmpirical

How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".

Quick stats

Citations0
Published2025
Admission routes3
Has abstractyes

Explore more

Same venueCanadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice/La Revue canadienne de criminologie et de justice pénaleSame topicHate Speech and Cyberbullying DetectionFrench-language works237,207