Quantification of arterial calcification in peripheral artery disease and its association with amputation and/or mortality: A systematic review
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Arterial calcification is prevalent in peripheral artery disease (PAD), especially among patients with advanced age, diabetes, or renal disease. Peripheral arterial calcium score (PACS) is an emerging tool to quantify calcification in peripheral arteries and predict outcomes such as amputation and mortality. This systematic review evaluates PACS methodologies and its association with these adverse outcomes. In a comprehensive search of Embase, MEDLINE (PubMed), and PubMed Central (PMC) from January 1991 to January 2025, 1092 studies were retrieved, of which 17 met the inclusion criteria. Computed tomography and X-ray imaging were the main imaging modalities used to detect calcification through a variety of PACS. A higher PACS was linked to increased risk of amputation and/or mortality. PACS holds potential for predicting outcomes in PAD, particularly amputation and mortality. Standardization of PACS methods is needed to enhance its clinical utility and integration into practice.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it