Neurological complications of <i>Orthopoxvirus</i> infections: neurotropism and neurovirulence
Bibliographic record
Abstract
With the declaration of monkeypox virus (MPXV) infection as a global health emergency in 2022 by the World Health Organization and its ongoing presence, orthopoxviruses have garnered increasing attention, including their capacity to cause neurological disease. Indeed, the mpox syndrome caused by MPXV infection is recapitulated in humans for several other orthopoxviruses, including variola (VARV, the cause of smallpox), vaccinia (VACV), camelpox (CMPX) and cowpox (CPXV) viruses, albeit with variable disease severities. In addition to prototypic signs and symptoms of Orthopoxvirus infections, such as fever, swollen lymph nodes, malaise and skin lesions, MPXV-infected individuals also develop neurological syndromes such as headaches, myalgias, seizures, altered consciousness and encephalopathy/encephalitis. MRI of the brains of MPXV-infected persons can display hyperintensities consistent with brain oedema. Pleocytosis has also been reported in the CSF from persons with MPXV infections, implying active infection of the CNS. Of note, newborn rodents, or animals with severe combined immune deficiency, were found to be susceptible to MPXV infection with evidence that the virus can cross the blood-brain barrier. In the present review, we highlight the current understanding of Orthopoxvirus neuropathogenesis together with germane diagnostic and therapeutic considerations.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".