Departures from Mendelian inheritance of <i>EPSPS</i> gene copies in a herbicide-resistant weed
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Mendelian transmission requires a stable genetic structure, but unstable elements contribute to dynamic genomes. Here, we report on non-Mendelian inheritance and intra-individual instability of extrachromosomal gene copies, which are associated with rapid evolution of herbicide resistance in the dioecious, agricultural weed Amaranthus palmeri . Copy number variation for the glyphosate resistance gene EPSPS was quantified using digital droplet PCR within individuals, and for parents and offspring of controlled crosses with copy number ranging from 1 to ∼160. Parent-offspring regressions of copy number indicates non-Mendelian inheritance. Heritability is higher ( h G 2 =1.60) below ∼33 copies, than above ( h G 2 =0.22) because parents with fewer gene copies yield offspring with similar or increased mean copy number, whereas offspring of high copy number parents have fewer copies than parents. Intra-individual variance in copy number increased with mean individual copy number, likely contributing to variation observed in offspring copy number, but not sufficient to explain the most extreme transgressive copy number variants, nor the loss of high copy number. In short, copy number is less stable and less heritable in parents with more EPSPS copies, with offspring losing EPSPS copies. This suggests that genome instability imposes a constraint on the evolution of herbicide resistance through increased EPSPS copy number.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".