Glaciation-induced radionuclide release: Implications for geological disposal of nuclear waste
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Deep geological disposal of used nuclear fuel requires knowledge of how radionuclides behave over ~100 k.y. to 1 m.y. timeframes. New data from the Kiggavik uranium deposits, a natural analogue for deep geological disposal of nuclear waste, shows that oxidized subglacial waters may be injected deeply into the subsurface along fracture systems, resulting in limited radionuclide mobilization. Periods of radionuclide mobility correspond to episodes of climate change during glacial periods and occurred over ca. 36–471 ka time scales comparable to the evolution of Homo sapiens. While oxidized subglacial waters may pose a hazard to geologic disposal, resulting uranium transport is millions of times slower than glacial movements and short-range (<~5 cm). Reduction by preexisting uranium minerals and titanium oxides and adsorption onto clay minerals have effectively trapped radionuclides.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".