Shopping Under Suspicion in Canada: Results From a Nationwide Victimization Survey on Consumer Racial Profiling
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study was devoted to an examination of Canadian experiences being criminally profiled in retail stores. Using one's race or ethnicity as the primary method to identify potential shoplifters is referred to as consumer racial profiling (CRP). Relying on a national sample of Canadians, the research investigated four aspects of CRP. First, the research investigated the frequency of CRP experiences among the Canadian population. Second, the research studied the characteristics of CRP victimizations among Canadians. Third, the study also investigated whether the frequency of CRP victimization varied by race/ethnicity. Finally, the research explored whether CRP victims reported their encounter to an employee in authority following their victimization. The findings provide evidence that CRP is a national problem in Canada—with non-White racial/ethnic groups reporting the highest levels of victimization. In addition, despite their negative CRP experiences, very few victims decide to pursue remediation. The implications of the results along with future research directions are also discussed.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".