Detailed in situ TEM/EELS analysis of laser-induced reduction of graphene oxide
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Laser-induced reduction of graphene oxide (GO) represents a highly promising approach to graphene synthesis due to local control of the treated area, avoidance of hazardous chemical reagents, and environmentally benign ambient conditions. In this study, we present a comprehensive investigation of the reduction of GO induced by multiple laser pulses at a wavelength of 532 nm by in situ transmission electron microscopy. By systematically varying the laser fluence from 6.36 mJ/cm 2 to 15.88 mJ/cm 2 and employing electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS), we achieved precise quantification and identification of the removal of distinct oxygen functional groups. The kinetics of the process are modelled using a double-exponential function to determine photoreduction rates as a function of laser fluence. We estimate laser fluences in this range raise the film temperature from 342 °C to 823 °C, and correlate this with observed functional group removal and established thermal decomposition thresholds. Our work offers a detailed understanding of the laser-induced reduction process and highlights the potential for tailoring the chemical composition of graphitic oxides through controlled laser processing.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".