Effect of suction on the instability of silty sand under constant shear drained testing
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The stability of the slopes is critical for ensuring the safety and longevity of soil structures including, embankments, stockpiles, and retaining walls. Many of these soil structures remain in partially saturated conditions throughout their design life. In such cases, the matric suction ( Ψm ) becomes a key parameter influencing the stability of the soil. However, Ψm in soil varies during the water infiltration, leading to potential instability and collapse. To better understand this behaviour, constant shear drained (CSD) tests, which replicate the stress path experienced by the soil during water infiltration were conducted. A series of CSD experiments on silty sand in the partially saturated state was performed to examine the effects of Ψm on the onset of instability. The results show that the onset of instability in silty sand increases with Ψm . The volume change behaviour for partially saturated silty sand exhibits dilative behaviour compared to the fully saturated condition for the density considered in this study. Moreover, the methodology for the onset of instability for fully saturated soils was extended to analyse the onset of instability in partially saturated soil. A unique onset of instability was obtained for partially saturated soil using various methods considered for this study.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".