Forecasting Residential EV Charging Behavior: A Transfer Learning-Enabled Approach to Address Data Scarcity in the Residential Sector
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Charging a significant number of electric vehicles (EVs) can pose challenges for power systems, and a viable solution is smart charging. Reliable smart charging can be achieved by forecasting the required energy and plug-in duration of a charging event. However, despite the availability of data from public charging stations, the lack of sufficient real data for residential EV charging has consistently been a barrier, particularly when using deep learning methods. Moreover, enhancing the accuracy of forecasting residential EV charging behavior is crucial due to its significant impact on power systems. To address these challenges, this paper proposes an intelligent deep learning-based framework to forecast the required energy and plug-in duration of residential EV charging events by leveraging transfer learning. Additionally, the proposed framework utilizes an auxiliary deep learning model that forecasts charging duration to improve the accuracy of required energy forecasting. Various case studies have been conducted, and the results show that the proposed framework significantly improves the accuracy of residential charging behavior forecasting.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".