Beyond Accelerator Mass Spectrometry: Recent Developments in All-Optical Measurements of Radioisotope Carbon
Bibliographic record
Abstract
High Resolution Image Download MS PowerPoint Slide The environmental impact of non-renewable energy has come under scrutiny, prompting investments in carbon management strategies like renewable fuels. The presence of radiocarbon in biofuel blends can validate their composition for government regulators and quality control. However, such measurements are challenging and costly, requiring accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) or liquid scintillation counting (LSC), which necessitate extensive preparation, expensive equipment, and highly trained personnel. Significant advancements have been recently made in developing optical methodologies capable of detecting 14 C at part per quadrillion sensitivity, with a smaller footprint, simpler sample preparation, and reduced cost. This review critically examines the benefits and limitations of direct absorption, cavity ringdown spectroscopy, intracavity optogalvanic spectroscopy, and photoacoustic spectroscopy as optical radiocarbon detection systems that may replace accelerator mass spectrometry as the primary gold standard methodology available.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".