Bees in a Heat Island: Bee Assemblages on Cercis canadensis and Cornus florida in Urban and Exurban Sites
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The predicted effects of climate change on pollination processes are multiple, including earlier blooming times and decoupling from pollinators. Yet, little research has been conducted, especially in urban areas where the heat island effect is known to speed up warming. Our aim is to investigate which bee species visit two native, vernal-blooming tree species with continuous distributions from urban to exurban sites. In 2019 and 2020, we collected bees on the native, mass-flowering Cercis canadensis and Cornus florida in the St. Louis metropolitan and exurban areas in Missouri, USA. A total of 434 bees carrying pollen were collected identifying 54 species representing five families. An additional 123 specimens which did not carry any pollen at all were captured representing 37 species within five families. We observed a greater species diversity among pollen carrying bees at exurban sites while the numbers of male bees collected were proportionately higher in urban versus exurban sites. Although flowering periods of the two tree species overlapped, the pollen of both tree species was identified on only 34 bees.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".