Parental involvement in youth sports: historical trends and links to generational, socioeconomic status, sport culture, and youth sport commitment contexts
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Using data from the National Sports and Society Survey (N = 3,993) and multiple regression analyses, this study examined parents’ involvement in their children’s youth sports participation activities. We considered historical trends in parents’ attendance at their children’s sporting events, time spent otherwise supporting their children’s youth sports endeavours, and the amount of money that families allocate to their children’s sports activities. We found generational, socioeconomic status, family and community sport culture, and youth sport commitment associations with parents’ involvement patterns. Parents’ involvement generally increased across generations, became more differentiated by family socioeconomic status, and was largely connected to sport cultures and children’s sports commitments, of course. Patterns were largely similar for parents’ frequencies of attendance at their children’s sporting events, parents’ frequencies of support for their children’s sports participation, and family expenditures on their children’s sports participation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".