Ethnic differences in the prevalence of normal resting electrocardiogram patterns among female brazilian football players
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Background Data on ECG findings in female Brazilian football players (FBFP) from diverse ethnic backgrounds are limited. Furthermore, the lack of specific guidelines for interpreting ECGs in female athletes adds to the complexity of understanding these findings. Objective To compare the prevalence of normal ECG findings among FBFP of white, mixed-race, and black ethnicities. Methods This multicenter observational study was conducted across all five geographic regions of Brazil (11 states and 14 cities). It included 994 FBFP aged 15–35 years who underwent preparticipation cardiovascular screening between January 2010 and October 2024 at 28 elite professional clubs. To estimate the prevalence ratio and its respective 95% confidence interval (CI), Poisson regressions with robust variance adjusted for age were used. Results A total of 315 white, 330 mixed-race, and 349 black athletes were evaluated. Normal ECG patterns were observed in 965 (97.1%) participants. The overall prevalence of sinus bradycardia (<60 bpm) was 34.3%. Black athletes had a higher prevalence of early repolarization compared to white athletes (40.7% vs. 28.7%; prevalence ratio: 1.4; 95% CI, 1.1 to 1.9; P = 0.008). Conversely, white players had a higher prevalence of incomplete right bundle branch block compared to black players (13.0% vs. 5.4%; prevalence ratio: 2.4; 95% CI, 1.4 to 4.2; P = 0.001). The prevalence of left ventricular hypertrophy, based on the Sokolow-Lyon criteria, and first-degree atrioventricular block were 5.1% and 1.7%, respectively, with no differences between the ethnic groups. The "African/Afro-Caribbean" ECG pattern was found in 13 (3.7%) black athletes and 3 (0.9%) mixed-race athletes. Conclusions A high prevalence of normal ECG patterns was observed among FBFP. Additionally, ECG findings typically associated with physical training appear to differ according to athletes’ ethnic backgrounds.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.005 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".