A Millimeter-Wave Analog–Digital Variable Capacitor With High Tuning Ratio Realized by Monolithic Integration of BST Varactors and GeTe Switches
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This letter presents an analog–digital variable capacitor realized by monolithic integration of barium strontium titanate (BST) ferroelectric material and phase change material (PCM) technologies. The proposed concept enables the creation of tunable components with high performance at microwave and millimeter-wave frequencies, addressing the challenging need for large tuning range and fine resolution, with minimal loss. This letter presents the fabrication and analysis of an analog–digital variable capacitor with a size of <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$80 \times 120~\mu \text {m}$</tex-math> </inline-formula>, comprising three BST analog variable capacitor monolithically integrated with three PCM germanium telluride (GeTe) switches. The measurement results for the integrated analog–digital variable capacitor show a tuning ratio of 1:10.8 with an analog resolution over a wide frequency range, while having a quality factor of 12.5 at 30 GHz. To our knowledge, this letter represents the first demonstration of monolithic integration of BST and PCM technologies.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".