Exposure and hormone associations of pesticides and flame retardants among primates in Uganda
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Primates exhibit diverse diets and related dietary adaptations which are expected to play a role in the exposure and toxicity of persistent organic pollutants. In the habitat of four primate species in Kibale National Park, Uganda, we quantified brominated flame retardants and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in air samples (n = 9), dietary plant samples (n = 32), and fecal samples from adult males and juveniles (n = 53). We also measured the fecal hormone metabolites cortisol and estradiol in juveniles (n = 38). In dietary plant samples, Σ32 brominated flame retardants (BFRs) ranged from 12-22 ng/g and Σ21OCPs ranged from 61-334 ng/g across primate species. In primate fecal samples, median Σ32BFRs ranged from 6-158 ng/g and Σ21OCPs s ranged from 39-261 ng/g. In juveniles, higher Σ32BFRs were associated with decreased cortisol in baboons and chimpanzees as well as total polybrominated diphenyl ethers and dechlorane plus in baboons and chimpanzees, respectively. In red-tailed monkeys, 2-ethylhexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate and Σ21OCPs were positively associated with cortisol. No significant associations between targeted pollutants and hormones were found in red colobus nor between estradiol and any chemical for any species. Our results indicate that despite their phylogenetic relatedness, the exposure, movement, and potential endocrine activity of pollutants varies across primate species. We suggest future studies exploring the mechanisms underlying phytochemical detoxification may help further elucidate connections between dietary niche and pollutant sensitivity in primates and at a broad taxonomic scale.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".