Coupled phase-field lattice Boltzmann method and discrete element method for gas–liquid–solid multiphase flows
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A methodology combining the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) and discrete element method (DEM) is proposed to simulate gas–liquid–solid multiphase flows and interphase interactions. Specifically, the phase-field LBM is employed to simulate the fluid flow, incorporating the virtual density boundary method. This method effectively enables the realization of wetting phenomena with relatively small spurious velocities, in comparison with the pseudopotential LBM. The DEM is utilized to simulate the motion of multiple solid particles. As for the interaction between fluid and solid, leveraging the features of LBM, the calculation of fluid forces acting on solids can be achieved by going through all fluid nodes surrounding the solid walls, enabling a straightforward and efficient calculation process. The numerical stability and accuracy of the hybrid LBM-DEM are demonstrated via benchmark cases. It is then applied successfully to simulate the upward migration of leaked gas bubbles through a deformable porous medium composed of solid particles.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".