0019 Circadian Effect on Penalties in the NHL
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Introduction There is a growing recognition of the significant impact of circadian rhythms on professional athletic performance, where teams crossing multiple time zones for a game play at a different circadian alignment that their opponents. In the NHL, teams frequently travel and often don’t return home between games. Few studies have explored which aspects of athletic performance and behavior are affected by circadian misalignment. The objective of this study was to investigate whether NHL teams show a circadian penalty disadvantage, controlling for the direction of team travel from the previous game. Methods Data from NHL games played between 2009 and 2021 (n=27,642), excluding those played during the COVID season, were extracted from online sources (hockey-reference.com). As described by Charest et al. (2022), a travel-adjusted time zone was computed for both teams, from which a Direction of Misalignment (westward, none, eastward) between teams was computed. A one-way ANOVA was used with the Direction of Misalignment on the number and the minutes of penalties. Results When there is a travel-adjusted time zone difference between the two teams, there is a significant difference in the penalty minutes, F(2,27640)=4.77, p<.008 and number of penalties received by the team, F(2,27640)=10.88, p<.001. Tukey post-hoc t-tests reveal that teams whose circadian alignment is westward to their opponent had more penalty minutes (p=.006) and receive significantly more penalties (p<.001), than those who experienced no time zone difference with their opponents. Teams whose circadian alignment is westward to their opponent also received more penalties than those whose alignment is eastward to their opponent (p<.001). Conclusion These results suggest that teams playing at a later part of their circadian time than their opponents receive more penalties. This study offers insight on the necessity for members of professional organizations to better understand the potential impact of sleep and travels on behavior and overall performance outcomes during matches. Future studies should focus on strategies for optimizing athletes’ circadian alignment, such as personalized travel schedules and light exposure protocols. Support (if any)
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".