What Problem Are We Trying to Solve With Artificial Intelligence for Healthcare in Canada?
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The application of artificial intelligence (AI) in healthcare is not a "flash in the pan." As Howell et al. (2024) have described, AI has been evolving since the 1950s, from decision trees to machine learning to generative AI that can create new content. These developments were foreshadowed by science fiction writer Isaac Asimov in a story first published in 1942 in which he outlined three rules of robotics, to the effect that they must not harm humans (Asimov 1950). Fast forward to 2015; Ashrafian (2015) proposed an additional law for AI systems that interact with each other: "all robots endowed with comparable human reason and conscience should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood."
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.013 | 0.037 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.021 | 0.021 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.023 | 0.020 |
| Open science | 0.004 | 0.007 |
| Research integrity | 0.020 | 0.023 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.020 | 0.004 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".