Providing Health Care for the Children in Smolensk During the Great Patriotic War (to the 80th Anniversary of Victory in the Great Patriotic War)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This article presents the results of historical and medical study reflecting the state of children health care in Smolensk during the Great Patriotic War of 1941–1945. The article provides scientifically based evaluation of the situation in Smolensk regarding health condition of children remained on the territories occupied by fascist invaders during the Great Patriotic War, and the organization of children’s health care after the liberation of the occupied regions. We have studied government decrees, medical reports, administrative notes, and other documents from the State Archives of Russian Federation, the State Archives of Smolensk Region, as well as collections of documents, works of pediatricians and organizers of children’s health care who were participants and witnesses of the war, publications of post-Soviet period to cover the issue. The study has revealed that medical help to children of Smolensk was not provided during the occupation (August 1941 – September 1943). All pre-war maternal and infant health facilities were destroyed completely. All types of health care were carried out on a fee basis. Children were not provided with proper nutrition, suffered from hunger and diseases. There were only one children’s hospital for the treatment of children with diphtheria. Outpatient admission was performed by one pediatrician in the only one city hospital. Extremely poor supply in the hospital, gross violations of sanitary and epidemiological regime, spread of severe infectious diseases accompanied by chronic starvation left children with little chances on survival. Children were tortured by “doctors-monsters” in several medical institutions in the city, such as: lethal blood collection to treat Hitler’s soldiers and officers. From the end of 1943, in 1944–1945 health authorities carried out enormous work to organize medical care for children in the liberated areas. As a result, there were no significant mass outbreaks of children infections in Smolensk and other regions despite the harsh consequences of the German occupation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".