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Record W4410519181 · doi:10.1002/tea.70009

A Multimodal Interactive Framework for Science Assessment in the Era of Generative Artificial Intelligence

2025· article· en· W4410519181 on OpenAlex
Yizhu Gao, Xiaoming Zhaı, Min Li, Gyeonggeon Lee, Xiaoxiao Liu

Why this work is in the frame

A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.

affAt least one author lists a Canadian institution in the pinned OpenAlex snapshot.

Bibliographic record

VenueJournal of Research in Science Teaching · 2025
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldPsychology
TopicEducational Games and Gamification
Canadian institutionsUniversity of Alberta
FundersInstitute of Education SciencesUniversity of GeorgiaU.S. Department of Education
KeywordsGenerative grammarScience educationMathematics educationComputer scienceCognitive scienceArtificial intelligencePsychology

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

ABSTRACT The rapid evolution of generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) is transforming science education by facilitating innovative pedagogical paradigms while raising substantial concerns about scholarly integrity. One particularly pressing issue is the growing risk of student use of GenAI tools to outsource assessment tasks, potentially compromising authentic learning and evaluations. Addressing these challenges requires reflection on existing assessment practices and features. This position paper advances a conceptual framework for science assessment through the lens of multimodality and interactivity . Multimodality emphasizes the use of diverse, organized semiotic resources for meaning making, while interactivity characterizes assessment environments where outcomes are shaped by students' actions. With the two dimensions, our multimodal interactive framework classifies assessments into four categories, with varying degrees of modality and interactivity. We argue that tasks with higher modality and interactivity can potentially overcome the concerns of GenAI on academic integrity. To further articulate this point, we provide concrete assessment examples for each category and explain how the prompt and response affordances in each assessment category help gauge students' understandings of key science constructs and identify tasks that are resistant or susceptible to AI‐based outsourcing. We conclude by discussing how the framework serves as a meaningful analytical tool for educational researchers and practitioners.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.037
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.006
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesMetaresearch
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Theoretical or conceptual · Consensus signal: Theoretical or conceptual
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.309
Threshold uncertainty score0.992

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0370.006
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.000
Bibliometrics0.0010.003
Science and technology studies0.0000.001
Scholarly communication0.0000.001
Open science0.0010.000
Research integrity0.0000.002
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0000.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.187
GPT teacher head0.595
Teacher spread0.408 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it