How to lose a whorl: the evolutionary and developmental biology of apetaly
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The general plan of the core eudicot flower involves two perianth whorls, a calyx, and a corolla. However, numerous eudicots, in multiple lineages, have only one perianth whorl, generally assumed to be the calyx, resulting in apetaly. Historically, these plants were placed in the polyphyletic taxonomic group 'Monochlamydeae' and, unsure about the nature of the single perianth whorl, the 19th century botanist de Candolle coined the word 'tepal' to indicate this uncertainty. This review surveys the molecular mechanisms of apetaly, its evolutionary drivers, and its possible role as a gateway to the unisexual flower through the B-switch hypothesis. The pollination biology of the petal (and petaloidy) is considered. Many apetalous plants have evolved petaloidy of the remaining (calyx) whorl. It is suggested that more attention be paid to the molecular dissection of the three-whorl floral ground plan. Fortunately, excellent genomic resources to aid further research are now available for species with a unipartite perianth, such as Beta, Cannabis, Fagopyrum, Portulaca, Spinacia, and Urtica.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".