Synergistic Antifungal Activity of Thymoquinone and Infrared Radiation Against Aspergillus flavus
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Medicinal plants are an ideal source of a wide range of natural medicines, playing an important role in traditional and modern treatments.Nigella sativa is a medicinal herb known for its antibacterial properties.Thymoquinone (TQ), the primary active compound in its seeds, exhibits antibacterial, antifungal, and antioxidant activities.Research has also proven its effectiveness in fighting cancer and reducing inflammation through several different mechanisms.TQ was extracted using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC).Subsequent tests were conducted to evaluate the synergistic effect of TQ and infrared radiation (IR) in inhibiting the growth of Aspergillus flavus and its ability to produce toxins.The combination of thymoquinone (TQ) and infrared radiation significantly reduced the growth of Aspergillus flavus and its toxin production, suggesting an effective strategy for fungal control.At a TQ concentration of 1%, the fungal colony growth (without IR exposure) was 11.12%.After five hours of IR exposure, growth was reduced to 2.67%.Similarly, at a 2% concentration, fungal colony growth was 12.67% without IR exposure and declined to 3.78% after IR exposure, confirming the strong synergistic effect between TQ and IR radiation.infrared radiation (IR) increases the permeability of the fungal cell wall, facilitating the penetration of thymoquinone and enhancing its antifungal efficacy.Additionally, IR exposure may stimulate the activity of enzymes such as lipase and other cell wall-degrading enzymes, which contribute to cell wall breakdown, rendering the fungus more susceptible to attack.This dual mechanism not only enhances the efficacy of thymoquinone but may also reduce the need for high concentrations of conventional antifungal agents, thereby lowering the risk of resistance development.These findings suggest that the combined use of thymoquinone and infrared radiation (IR) may represent a sustainable and promising approach for controlling toxin-producing fungi, with important possible applications in the food and agricultural industries to ensure the safety of crops and stored products.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".